Biomasa residual de industria del Cannabis, una alternativa para la obtención de productos de alto valor agregado

A medida que como sociedad vamos dando más importancia a lograr una economía circular, se hace importante encontrar fuentes renovables aptas para la producción de biocombustibles y bioquímicos. En los últimos años, diversas fuentes de biomasa lignocelulósica han sido estudiadas para estos propósitos. Dentro de estas fuentes de biomasa se encuentra el cáñamo (Cannabis sativa L.), siendo parte de una industria que ha crecido a pasos agigantados en las últimas décadas, en Colombia, desde su legalización. Específicamente, la industria del cannabis medicinal es responsable de generar una enorme cantidad de residuos en forma de los tallos de la planta, considerados un subproducto de bajo valor. En esta revisión se compila la información de diferentes estudios sobre el aprovechamiento de la fracción de polisacáridos de biomasa cáñamo, mediante transformaciones químicas y bioquímicas, para la obtención de productos de valor agregado. Se encontró que la mayoría de estudios están enfocados en la obtención de bioetanol o biogás; se encontraron también reportes de otras moléculas como ácido succínico, ácido láctico, furfural, polihidroxialcanoatos y bisaboleno. La viabilidad a nivel industrial de todos estos procesos permanece siendo una incógnita, pues los pasos de pretratamiento, hidrólisis y de conversión final utilizados suelen ser costosos. Es necesario que los estudios que realicen en el futuro se enfoquen en optimizar las condiciones de estos procesos y hacerlos verdes y así asegurar que puedan ser escalados.

As we as a society, give more importance to achieving a circular economy, it becomes important to find renewable sources suitable for the production of biofuels and biochemicals. In the last years, several different sources of lignocellulosic biomass have been studied for these purposes. One of these biomass sources is hemp (Cannabis sativa L), being part of an industry that has grown through giant steps in the last decades, in Colombia, since its legalization. Specifically, the industry of medicinal hemp is responsible for the generation of huge amounts of residues in the form of the plant stalks, considered a low value subproduct. This review compiles the information of several studies about the exploitation of the polysaccharide portion of hemp biomass through chemical and biochemical transformations, obtaining value-added products. It was found that most of these studies focus on the production of bioetanol or biogas; reports of other molecules such as succinic acid, furfural, polyhydroxyalkanoates and bisabolene were also found. Industrial viability of these processes remains a question, since pretreatment, hydrolysis and final conversion steps are usually expensive. It necessary that future studies focus on optimizing conditions of these processes as well as making them green, ensuring that they can be scaled.

Multidisciplinary strategies to enhance therapeutic effects of flavonoids from Epimedii Folium:Integration of herbal medicine,enzyme engineering,and nanotechnology / 药物分析学报

Flavonoids such as baohuoside I and icaritin are the major active compounds in Epimedii Folium(EF)and possess excellent therapeutic effects on various diseases.Encouragingly,in 2022,icaritin soft capsules were approved to reach the market for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)by National Medical Products Administration(NMPA)of China.Moreover,recent studies demonstrate that icaritin can serve as immune-modulating agent to exert anti-tumor effects.Nonetheless,both production effi-ciency and clinical applications of epimedium flavonoids have been restrained because of their low content,poor bioavailability,and unfavorable in vivo delivery efficiency.Recently,various strategies,including enzyme engineering and nanotechnology,have been developed to increase productivity and activity,improve delivery efficiency,and enhance therapeutic effects of epimedium flavonoids.In this review,the structure-activity relationship of epimedium flavonoids is described.Then,enzymatic en-gineering strategies for increasing the productivity of highly active baohuoside I and icaritin are dis-cussed.The nanomedicines for overcoming in vivo delivery barriers and improving therapeutic effects of various diseases are summarized.Finally,the challenges and an outlook on clinical translation of epi-medium flavonoids are proposed.

Preparation of Diosgenin from Dioscorea zingiberensis： A Review / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Direct acid hydrolysis of Dioscorea zingiberensis rhizomes for preparation of diosgenin is wildly used in the traditional industry， which uses a large amount of inorganic acid catalysts， with high wastewater discharge and serious environmental pollution. Therefore， exploring clean and efficient preparation methods and processes has become an inevitable choice to realize the sustainable development of industrial production of diosgenin. Herein， the author reviewed and analyzed the research progress and problems of enzymatic hydrolysis， microbial transformation and modified acid hydrolysis in the preparation of diosgenin from D. zingiberensis rhizomes during the last ten years， and their application prospects are analyzed. Enzymatic hydrolysis has mild reaction conditions， but the yield of diosgenin is low， the economic cost is high， and the purification process of active enzyme is complicated. Microorganism shows specific activity to the substrate and high efficiency for diosgenin production， and microbial transformation is clean and environmentally friendly， but microbial transformation is time-consuming and the metabolic intermediates are complicated. For the modified acid hydrolysis， two-phase acid hydrolysis can reduce the amount of acid catalyst， and sulfonic acid-functionalized ionic liquid displays good recyclable performance by replacing the traditional inorganic acid， however， the wastewater discharge should still be considered. Solid acid catalysts are non-corrosive and easy to be recycled， but the need to use ethanol as the reaction solvent has certain safety hazards， and the catalyst preparation process is cumbersome. In conclusion， exploring clean and efficient conversion methods is an important research trend for preparation of diosgenin from D. zingiberensis rhizomes. For the enzymatic hydrolysis， the key glycoside hydrolases in the bioconversion process should be explored in depth， the conversion pathway of enzymatic saponins and enzyme specificity should be fully elucidated， and efforts should be made to improve the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis. For the microbial transformation， we should accelerate its industrial application process based on selecting and breeding efficient transformation strains， and optimizing stable transformation systems and processes， and in-depth investigation of the mechanism of microbial transformation， fully elucidating the specific key hydrolases and its catalytic properties， and striving to improve the efficiency of microbial transformation. For the modified acid hydrolysis， novel acid catalytic system with simple structure， stable performance and good biodegradability should be explored and applied， which can effectively solve the problems of environmental pollution and production safety.

Combined enzymatic hydrolysis and herbal extracts fortification to boost in vitro antioxidant activity of edible bird's nest solution / 中草药·英文版

Objective: Edible bird's nest (EBN) is a popular traditional tonic food in Chinese population for centuries. Malaysia is one of the main EBN suppliers in the world. This study aims to explore the best strategy to boost the antioxidant potential of EBN solution. Methods: In this study, the raw EBN (4%, mass to volume ratio) was initially enzymatic hydrolyzed using papain enzyme to produce EBN hydrolysate (EBNH), then spray-dried into powdered form. Next, 4% (mass to volume ratio) of EBNH powder was dissolved in ginger extract (GE), mulberry leaf extract (MLE) and cinnamon twig extract (CTE) to detect the changes of antioxidant activities, respectively. Results: Results obtained suggest that enzymatic hydrolysis significantly reduced the viscosity of 4% EBN solution from (68.12 ± 0.69) mPa·s to (7.84 ± 0.31) mPa·s. Besides, the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total soluble protein, DPPH scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were substantially increased following EBN hydrolysis using papain enzyme. In addition, fortification with GE, MLE and CTE had further improved the TPC, TFC, DPPH scavenging activity and FRAP of the EBNH solution. Among the samples, MLE-EBNH solution showed the most superior antioxidant potential at (86.39 ± 1.66)% of DPPH scavenging activity and (19.79 ± 2.96) mmol/L FeSO

Hydrothermal Pretreatment as a Strategy for the Improvement of Sugarcane Bagasse Saccharification by Fungal Enzyme Blend

Abstract Obtaining low cost lignocellulolytic enzymes and efficient biomass pretreatment are key to increase the competitiveness of second-generation ethanol in comparison with fossil fuels. The enzymatic cocktail produced by the Chrysoporthe cubensis fungus as well as the mixture prepared with the cocktails of the Chrysoporthe cubensis and Penicillium pinophilum fungi have already proven to be efficient for hydrolyzing biomass pretreated with alkali. In this study, they were evaluated in saccharification of sugarcane bagasse pretreated with dilute acid or hot water at 121°C using an enzyme loading equal to 8 filter paper units per gram of biomass. The most promising results were obtained from the hydrolysis of biomass pretreated with hot water by the C. cubensis-P. pinophilum enzymes blend. In this condition, the glucose and xylose production were 25.2 g.L-1 and 4.6 g.L-1, respectively, that resulted in the conversion of 68% of glucan and 23% of xylan in only 48 hours. This study shows that the hydrothermal pretreatment is a promising alternative to improve the enzymes performance, produced by the fungi C. cubensis and P. pinophilum, in the sugarcane bagasse hydrolysis without the need of chemical compounds, generally used in the acid and alkali pretreatments. Furthermore, the hydrothermal pretreatment for 60 min allowed all cocktails applied to convert the cellulose efficiently with only 24 h of saccharification, which contributes to the energy savings employed in the process.

Biomass Sorghum: Effect of Acid, Basic and Alkaline Peroxide Pretreatments on the Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Ethanol Production

Abstract This study evaluated the effects of three chemical pretreatments of biomass sorghum (BS): dilute alkaline (PTA1 and PTA2), dilute acid (PTB1 and PTB2) and alkaline hydrogen peroxide (PTC1 and PTC2) in the enzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol production. Among the six investigated conditions, the pretreatment with 7.36% H2O2 (PTC2) was the most efficient in the lignin removal and preservation of the polysaccharide fraction. After the enzymatic hydrolysis, increases in the glucose and xylose concentrations were observed in the pretreated BS hydrolysates, mainly in PTB1 and PTC1. All the hydrolysates obtained low concentrations of inhibitors. In the alcoholic fermentations with Pichia stiptis, the greatest ethanol yield was obtained in PTB1 hydrolysate (3.84 g L-1), corresponding to 16.15% of yield. The highest ethanol yield in PTB1 hydrolysate can be justified by the maximum concentration of xylose obtained in this hydrolysate, demonstrating the potential of P. stiptis in the fermentation of pentose to ethanol. The results indicated that biomass sorghum is an alternative lignocellulose source with potential for the production of second generation ethanol, opening up prospects for additional studies.

Effect of high hydrostatic pressure on the antioxidant capacity and peptic hydrolysis of whey proteins / Efeito da alta pressão hidrostática na hidrólise péptica das proteínas do soro de leite e na capacidade antioxidante

ABSTRACT: The effect of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) application on whey protein concentrate was evaluated both before (pre-treatment - PT) and during (hydrolysis assisted - HA) hydrolysis processes. A factorial design 22 with 3 central points was used with pressure (100, 250, 400 MPa) and time (5, 20 and 35 minutes) as independent variables. The hydrolysis was evaluated and monitored by soluble protein, aromatic amino acid contents and RP-HPLC. ABTS and ORAC tests were used to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant capacity. The reduction of soluble protein content was approximately 20% for conventional hydrolysis and for all PT treatments up to 4 h of reaction, while HHP assisted hydrolysis at 100 MPa showed a 35% protein reduction after 35 minutes of reaction. In addition, pressurization favored peptic hydrolysis of β-lactoglobulin by up to 98% and also improved the in vitro antioxidant capacity of the hydrolysates, which increased from 34.25 to 60.89 μmoles TE g-1 of protein in the best treatment. The results suggest that the use of HHP assisted hydrolysis favored the peptic hydrolysis, with a reduction in hydrolysis time and increased antioxidant activity.

RESUMO: Neste estudo, o efeito da aplicação de alta pressão hidrostática (HHP) sobre o concentrado proteico de soro de leite foi avaliado antes (pré-tratamento - PT) e durante os processos de hidrólise (assistida por hidrólise - HA). Utilizou-se o delineamento fatorial 22 com três pontos centrais, onde as variáveis independentes foram pressão (100, 250, 400 MPa) e tempo (5, 20 e 35 minutos). A hidrólise foi avaliada pelo conteúdo de proteínas solúveis e aminoácidos aromáticos, além do perfil peptídico por RP-HPLC. As análises de ABTS e ORAC foram utilizadas para avaliar a capacidade antioxidante in vitro. A redução do teor de proteína solúvel foi de aproximadamente 20% para a hidrólise convencional e para todos os pontos de PT até 4h de reação, enquanto a hidrólise assistida por HHP a 100 MPa mostrou uma redução de 35% de proteína em 35 minutos de reação. Além disso, a pressurização favoreceu a hidrólise péptica da β-lactoglobulina em até 98% e também melhorou a capacidade antioxidante in vitro dos hidrolisados, que aumentaram de 34,25 para 60,89 μmoles de TE g-1 de proteína no melhor tratamento. Os resultados sugerem que o uso da hidrólise assistida por HHP favoreceu a hidrólise péptica, com redução no tempo de hidrólise e aumento da atividade antioxidante.

Establishment of enzymatic hydrolysis method of active Astragalus polysaccharides APS-Ⅱ and study on the immune activity of oligosaccharides after its degradation / 药学学报

italic>Astragalus polysaccharides are the main immunomodulatory substances in Astragali Radix. The structure of polysaccharides is difficult to accurately determine, which limits the in-depth study of the molecular mechanism of Astragalus polysaccharides in vivo. "Polysaccharide receptor theory" believes that there are one or more oligosaccharide fragment "active centers" in immunologically active polysaccharide molecules. Therefore, the degradation of Astragalus polysaccharides into oligosaccharides and the study of the active centers of polysaccharides at the oligosaccharide level provide new ideas in the study of the structure and mechanism of Astragalus polysaccharides. This article adopts endo-α-1,4-glucanase enzymatic hydrolysis, and determines the best degradation conditions through single factor test and orthogonal test to degrade the immunologically active polysaccharide APS-Ⅱ (10 kDa component) into oligomers with different degrees of polymerization. Then through the preparation of polyacrylamide gel chromatography and specific immune and non-specific immune cell tests, the immune activity screening of different oligosaccharide components is carried out. The animal welfare and the experimental process in this study follow the requirements of the Animal Ethics Committee of Shanxi University. The results showed that compared with the immunologically active polysaccharide APS-Ⅱ, different oligosaccharide components have obvious differences in different immunological activities. This paper studies the different immunological activities of Astragalus polysaccharides at the level of oligosaccharides, laying a foundation for further elucidating the structure and function of Astragalus polysaccharides, enriching the theory of polysaccharide receptors, and providing new ideas for the development of Astragalus polysaccharides.

Reuse of Resource Components in Residue of Shaoyao Gancaotang / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:Aiming at the residue of Shaoyao Gancaotang， the extraction， qualitative and quantitative study of the small molecule resource components were carried out to clarify the residual small molecule chemical components in the residue and explore the ways of its resource utilization. Method:The ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry （UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS） was used to qualitatively identify the residual small molecule substances in the dregs of Shaoyao Gancaotang. Agilent C₁₈ reversed-phase chromatographic column （3.0 mm×100 mm， 2.7 µm） was used at the flow rate of 0.4 mL·min^-1， the injection volume was 5 µL， and the mobile phase was gradient eluted with 0.05% formic acid aqueous solution （A）-acetonitrile （B） （0-1 min， 14%-17.5%B； 1-3 min， 17.5%-19%B； 3-4 min， 19%-20%B； 4-5 min， 20%B； 5-6 min， 20%-21%B； 6-9 min， 21%B； 9-22 min， 21%-36%B； 22-23 min， 36%B； 23-32 min， 36%-43%B）， electrospray ionization （ESI） was employed with negative ion mode scanning and scanning range of <italic>m</italic>/<italic>z</italic> 50-1 200. A high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） was established for the quantitative analysis of its main components with Agilent C₁₈ reversed-phase chromatographic column （4.6 mm×150 mm， 5 µm）， the detection wavelength was set at 235 nm， the flow rate was 0.8 mL·min^-1， and the injection volume was 5 µL. Mobile phase was 0.05% phosphoric acid （A）-acetonitrile （B） for gradient elution （0-1 min， 14%-19%B； 1-4 min， 19%B； 4-18 min， 19%-50%B）. The content changes of main components in the residue of Shaoyao Gancaotang were compared before and after two different techniques of organic solvent extraction and enzymatic extraction. Result:A total of 16 chemical components in the residue of Shaoyao Gancaotang were qualitatively analyzed， and quantitative analysis found that there were many chemical components in the residue， among which the residues of 6 index components such as paeoniflorin and liquiritin reached more than 70% in the original decoction piece. After enzymolysis by cellulase， liquiritin in the residue could be converted into liquiritigenin. The content of crude polysaccharide in enzymatic extract of the residue was 6 times higher than that in the blank group， and the content was up to 12%. Conclusion:There are still many small molecule resource components in the residue of Shaoyao Gancaotang， which has great development potential. Organic solvents can be used to re-extract the target components in the residue， and liquiritin can be converted into liquiritigenin by biological fermentation technology， and the crude polysaccharide from the residue can be extracted by enzymatic method to develop animal feed. This study can provide reference basis and approach for reusing the residues of Shaoyao Gancaotang preparations and dispensing granules， so as to realize the high-value utilization of Shaoyao Gancaotang.

Extraction of oligosaccharides and phenolic compounds by roasting pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis from spent coffee ground

Spent coffee ground (SCG) is the waste generated during the preparation of instant coffee and is the sourceof industrially valuable organic compounds. In this article, SCG was pretreated by roasting at 150°C for 30minutes and heated with water at 90°C for extracting carbohydrates and phenolic compounds, after which1.0% (w/w) β-mannanase was applied for the hydrolysis of pretreated SCG. SCG is characterized in terms ofits total sugar content by the anthrone–sulfuric assay and phenolic compounds by Folin−Ciocalteu’s procedure.In this study, the total sugar increased by 14.79% (w/w) by the roasting process, and subsequently enzymatichydrolysis increased the total sugar yield up to 17.43% (w/w) compared to the untreated SCG, i.e., 10.24%(w/w). The reducing sugar was estimated by the dinitrosalicylic acid method and the end product increased to106.10 (mg Glucose/g) from the initial content 5.32 (mg Glucose/g raw SCG). The total phenolic compoundincreased to 291.86 (mg Gallic acid/g lyophilized material), which was a 6.39-fold increase compared to thenative SCG (45.68 mg Gallic acid/g). These results point to the valuable compounds present in SCG, can beenhanced by combining the roasting pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis, and can be utilized in the foodand biotech industries.

Characterization Of Kapok Pericarpium Microcrystalline Cellulose Produced Of Enzymatic Hydrolysis Using Purified Cellulase From Termite (MACROTERMES Gilvus)

Objective: This study aimed to increase the yield of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) from kapok pericarpium alpha-cellulose produced by enzymatic hydrolysis using purified cellulase from Termites (Macrotermes gilvus) and to compare the characteristics with the reference product. Methods: In this research, MCC was prepared from kapok pericarpium powder through the chemical isolation process of alpha-cellulose, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis with purified cellulase from Macrotermes gilvus. The yield was improved by using purified cellulase in optimized temperature, pH, and hydrolysis time. Identification was carried out by using ZnCl and infrared spectrophotometry, followed by characterization of MCC include particle size analysis (PSA) and diffracto­gram pattern (X-Ray Diffraction). The results were compared with Avicel PH 101 as the reference product. Results: Purified cellulase from Macrotermes gilvus showed high cellulose activity. Cellulose in the concentration of 11.743 U/ml formed 49 mm clear zone area with cellulolytic index 7.16 that similar to the formed clear zone area of Trichoderma reesei (50 mm), the optimum hydrolysis condition was achieved at 50 °C, pH 6.0, in 2 h, which produced 80% yield of MCC. Produced MCC was analyzed with ZnCl and FTIR spectrum resulting in positive results, similar to reference. The results of the organoleptic test, particle size analysis, and diffracto­gram pattern (X-Ray Diffraction) showed crystalline characteristics of MCC is similar to the reference (Avicel PH 101). Conclusion: Cellulase Macrotermes gilvus yielded 80% MCC and higher enzymatic activity than Trichoderma reesei. Based on the organoleptic test, particle size analysis, and diffracto­gram pattern observation, MCC from kapok pericarpium has shown similar characteristics to reference (Avicel pH 101) and might be potential to be further developed.

Technology of Production and Recipe of Meat Paste with a Protein Supplement

This article was aimed to develop an antioxidant meat paste using a protein supplement from lupine seedsenriched with selenium and obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis. It was established that the content of selenium,flavonoids, and antioxidant activity in lupine seeds when they are germinated in a solution of sodium selenite withthe use of red light after three days is significantly higher. Therefore, technology and recipe of meat paste usinga protein preparation has been developed. It has been established that the partial replacement of raw meat in thepaste formulation with a protein supplement has a positive effect on the appearance, color, smell, texture, taste,and structure of the product. There is proven feasibility of a separate introduction of a protein supplement andan aromatic additive at the stage of cutting raw meat materials. Based on the studies, the storage periods andstorage modes of sterilized canned meat and vegetable pastes were established: 18 months, at a temperature from0 to 20 °C and φ ≤ 75%, as well as regulated quality indicators of meat products. 100 g of the product containsup to 15% of the daily requirement of an adult in selenium and up to 10% in flavonoids, which makes it possibleto attribute the developed paste to antioxidant functional foods. So, it can be recommended for use in the foodindustry

Production of Herbal Protein Isolates with the Enzymatic Hydrolysis Technology

The article aims to develop the technology of the production of herbal protein isolates with 41% proteinconcentration by enzymatic hydrolysis. The technology includes preparing a hydro module from shredded lupineseeds and water in proportion 1:10, hydrolysis of starch with alpha-amylase and glucoamylase, centrifugation,autoclaving of the obtained centrifugate at the temperature of 120-130º С and the pressure of 6х105 Pa for 5-6hours, cooling it to the temperature of 36º С and hydrolyzing it with trypsin solution in phosphate buffer solutionat pH 7.5 for 50-60 minutes, centrifugation, heating and drying at the temperature of 95-100 ºС to get the dryresidue concentration of 45% in the protein preparation. Before adding trypsin, it is intensified by blue spectrumlight with the luminous flux of 35 µW/cm2. Based on the research, there are regulated quality indicators of proteinpreparation, storage requirements, and retention periods: retention period of 9 months at the temperature of 0-4°С with relative humidity not more than 75%.

Physical characteristics of nanoliposomes prepared from hydrolyzed cannabis protein

The present study was conducted on the protein extracted from the pulp that obtained by cannabis oil-pressingand loading the bioactive peptides into nanoliposomes. Physical properties of empty and loaded nanoliposemes(average particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential) and encapsulation efficiency were evaluated.Moreover, the effect of storage condition (fridge and ambient temperature) on the physical stability and maintainingthe encapsulation efficiency in nanoliposomes loaded with peptides was investigated. Eventually, the effect ofpeptide loading on the nanoparticle chemical structure Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) as well as the morphologyof nanocarriers scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was evaluated. Physical properties of nanoliposomes wereaffected by the hydrolyzed type. The average particle size and polydispersity index of nanoliposomes varied from79.5 to 101.5 nm and 0.234 to 0.326, depending on the type of loaded peptides. The zeta potential of nanoliposomeswas changed from −10.32 to −15.33 mV when loaded with the peptide obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis during300 min. The efficiency of nanoliposomal encapsulation varied from 90.7 to 81.4%. Thus, peptides with the highestdegree of hydrolysis had the least encapsulation efficiency. The evaluation of physical stability and the maintenanceof encapsulation efficiency indicated the highest stability of nanoliposomes, which were stored at fridge temperature.FTIR spectroscopy in empty nanoliposomes and those loaded with peptides implied the presence of peptides inthe polar regions of phosphatidylcholine, such as the internal regions of the liposomes and the formation of ioniccomplexes between them. Conversely, SEM images of the structural and superficial properties of nanoliposomesindicated the existence of dense and compact clusters of the spherical nanoparticles with flat surfaces.

Reducción de proteínas y glucosa por reacción de Maillard en leche con lactosa hidrolisada / Protein and glucose reduction by Maillard reaction in milk with hydrolyzed lactose

Se evaluó el efecto de la temperatura sobre la desnaturalización de proteínas y la reacción de Maillard en leche entera y descremada con lactosa hidrolizada. Las leches hidrolizadas se trataron térmicamente a 100, 110, 120 y 130 °C durante un período de 1 hora y se midió la concentración de glucosa, el grado de pardeamiento y la desnaturalización de proteínas. El grado de dorado en la leche entera varió de 14.4 (100 °C) a 42.6 (130 °C). Para la leche descremada fue de 20.2 (100 °C) a 38.0 (130 °C). La concentración de glucosa en leche entera (47% p/v) y en leche descremada (41% p/v) después del tratamiento térmico (130 °C) mostró una reducción significativa en relación con el control (25 °C). El efecto de la temperatura en la desnaturalización de proteínas en leche entera y descremada en relación con el control (25 °C) fue del 100%. La leche tratada térmicamente con lactosa hidrolizada promovió la desnaturalización de proteínas con un aumento del pardeamiento característico de la reacción de Maillard, lo que afectó la calidad nutricional.

The effect of temperature in protein denaturation and Maillard reaction in whole and skim milk with hydrolyzed lactose was evaluated. Hydrolyzed milk was thermally treated at 100, 110, 120 and 130 °C over a period of 1 hour and glucose concentration, browning degree and protein denaturation were measured. The browning degree in whole milk varied from 14.42 (100 °C) to 42.63 (130 °C) and 20.21 (100 °C) to 38.03 (130 °C) in skim milk. Glucose concentration in whole milk (47% - w/v) and skim milk (41% - w/v) after heat treatment (130 °C) showed a significant reduction in relation to the control (25 °C). The temperature effect in protein denaturation in whole and skim milk in relation to the control (25 °C) was 100%. Thermally treated milk with hydrolyzed lactose promoted protein denaturation with increasing browning characteristic of the Maillard reaction, thus affecting the nutritional quality.

Biotechnological recovery of chitin from crustacean waste / Recuperación biotecnológica de quitina de residuos de crustáceos

Abstract Reviews on biotechnological recovery of chitin from crustacean waste and other sources are acknowledged in the present review. Most of the reviews conclude that although important results on chitin recovery have been achieved, there is still a need for better approaches to improve operational conditions of deproteinization and demineralization processes, such as time, carbon source, pH (initial and during fermentation), volume of inoculum, temperature, among others, in order to apply at industrial level, a bioprocess commercially and environmentally cost/effective viable. The present review aims to gather the most updated available information about research on biotechnological methods to recover chitin from crustacean waste, studied during the past 10 years, focussing on conditions applied to deproteinization (DP) and demineralization (DM), particularly on bioprocessing times and microbial species.

Resumen Revisiones sobre recuperación de quitina a partir de residuos de crustáceos y otras fuentes usando biotecnología son reconocidas en el presente artículo. La mayoría de las revisiones concluyen que aunque se han logrado resultados importantes en la recuperación de quitina, todavía existe la necesidad de mejorar las condiciones operativas de los procesos de desproteinización y desmineralización, tales como el tiempo, la fuente de carbono, el pH (inicial y durante la fermentación), el volumen de inóculo y la temperatura, entre otros, para aplicar a nivel industrial un bioproceso que sea comercial y ambientalmente costo-beneficio viable. La presente revisión tiene como objetivo reunir la información más actualizada disponible sobre la investigación en métodos biotecnológicos para recuperar la quitina de los residuos de crustáceos, estudiada durante los últimos 10 años, centrándose en las condiciones aplicadas a la desproteinización (DP) y la desmineralización (DM), particularmente en los tiempos de bioprocesamiento y las especies microbianas involucradas.

Enzymatic Hydrolysis Characteristics of Five Medicinal Starches by Gravitational Field-Flow Fractionation / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the enzymatic hydrolysis characteristics of five medicinal starches, i.e.,waxy corn starch, potato starch, pea starch, wheat starch and common corn starch,using gravitational field flow fractionation (GrFFF) and other technologies. METHODS: Firstly, the enzymatic hydrolysis rates of the five medicinal starches were characterized by GrFFF, and the results of GrFFF were verified by determination of the reducing sugar.Secondly, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and particle size analyzer were used to characterize the changes of particle morphology and size distribution during amylase hydrolysis. RESULTS: The experiments showed that the enzymatic hydrolysis rates of the five medicinal starches were successively decreased. The former two as well as the latter three reached the maximum enzymatic rate at 6-12 h and 12-24 h, respectively. As the enzymatic hydrolysis time increased, the particle size distribution range became wider and the average size increased. The results of reducing sugar quantitation, SEM and particle size analysis were almost identical to those of GrFFF. CONCLUSION: This study proves that GrFFF is an effective analytical technology to characterize the enzymatic hydrolysis of medicinal starch, which expands the application range of GrFFF and provides useful reference for the application of starch in medicine and food sciences.

Progress in applying surfactants to lignocellulose hydrolysis for sugar production / 生物工程学报

Lignocellulose is a major biomass resource for the production of biofuel ethanol. Due to its abundance, environmental friendliness and renewability, the utilization of lignocellulose is promising to solve energy shortage. Surfactant can effectively promote the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose. By discussing the influence and mechanism of different surfactants on the enzymatic hydrolysis, we provide references for finding appropriate surfactants in enzymatic hydrolysis process.

Pré-tratamento físico-químico e enzimático para efluente de abatedouro / Physico-chemical and enzymatic pre-treatment for wastewater from slaughterhouse

RESUMO O efluente gerado em um abatedouro de aves, contendo gordura (quantificada pela análise de Óleos e Graxas - O&G) na concentração de 1.100 mg.L-1, foi submetido a dois pré-tratamentos para redução da concentração de material orgânico particulado: um tratamento físico-químico convencional (coagulação/floculação com cloreto férrico) ou um tratamento enzimático alternativo (hidrólise enzimática), aplicados isoladamente antes do processo biológico para remoção de material orgânico dissolvido. A hidrólise foi realizada com 0,5% (m/v) de um preparado enzimático sólido (PES - contendo oito unidades de atividade lipásica por grama) produzido pelo fungo Penicillium sp. por 8 h a 30ºC. Diferentes condições foram avaliadas na coagulação/floculação, sendo selecionada a que apresentou melhor remoção de demanda química de oxigênio (DQO) total para alimentação de biorreatores aeróbios e anaeróbios de bancada: pH = 5,0 e 400 mg de FeCl3.6H2O.L-1. Melhores resultados foram alcançados ao se utilizar o pré-tratamento físico-químico, com remoções médias de DQO de 91% nos tratamentos aeróbio e anaeróbio.

ABSTRACT The effluent generated in a poultry slaughterhouse, containing fat (quantified by oil and grease - O&G analysis) at a concentration of 1,100 mg.L-1, was subjected to two pre-treatments to reduce the particulate organic matter concentration: a conventional physicochemical treatment (coagulation/flocculation with ferric chloride) or an alternative enzymatic treatment (enzymatic hydrolysis), applied alone prior to the biological process for removing dissolved organic material. Hydrolysis was performed with 0.5% (m/v) of a solid enzymatic preparation (SEP - containing 8 lipase activity units per gram) produced by the fungus Penicillium sp. for 8 h at 30ºC. Different conditions were evaluated in the coagulation/flocculation, and the one with the best total COD removal for feeding bench top aerobic and anaerobic bioreactors was selected: pH = 5.0 and 400 mg FeCl3.6H2O.L-1. Better results were achieved when using the physicochemical pre-treatment with average COD removals of 91% in aerobic and anaerobic treatments.

Comparative Evaluation of Antioxidant Potential of In-Vitro Digested Cow Milk Derived A1 and A2 β Casein Variants Using Different Proteases

This study was designed to investigate the antioxidant activity of A1 and A2 β-casein variant with time by applying different enzyme. Pepsin, Trypsin, Alcalase and combination of Pepsin-Trypsin were used for hydrolysis of A1 and A2 β-casein for the duration of 1, 2, 3 and 24 h. All antioxidant parameter including DPPH, ABTS radical-scavenging activity and reducing power assay increasing gradually with time. Enzyme Pepsin-Trypsin combination followed by Alcalsae display comparatively higher antioxidant activity. Among β-casein variant A2 showed relatively higher antioxidant potential over all the entire duration of time but the difference among the A1 and A2 variants was not significant to arrive at a substantial scientific conclusion. It can be concluded from the study that antioxidant potential of the milk depends upon factors such as duration of hydrolysis and enzyme used, during hydrolysis and not alone on the fact that whether the milk is A1 or A2 in nature.